How Family Units Have Changed In Children's Books Over The Years

The Decline of the Traditional Family

One parent households, cohabitation, same sexual activity families, and voluntary childless couples are increasingly common.

Learning Objectives

Summarize the prevalence of single parents, cohabitation, aforementioned-sex couples, and unmarried individuals

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• One recent trend illustrating the irresolute nature of families is the rise in prevalence of unmarried-parent families.
• Cohabitation is an intimate relationship that includes a mutual living place and which exists without the do good of legal, cultural, or religious sanction.
• While homosexuality has existed for thousands of years amidst homo beings, formal marriages between homosexual partners is a relatively recent phenomenon.
• Voluntary childlessness in women is divers as women of childbearing age who are fertile and do not intend to have children.

Key Terms

• cohabitation: An emotionally and physically intimate relationship that includes a mutual living identify and which exists without legal or religious sanction.
• Voluntary Childlessness: Women of childbearing age who are fertile and practise non intend to have children, women who have chosen sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile but chose non to take children.

Family unit structures of some kind are found in every society. Pairing off into formal or informal marital relationships originated in hunter-gatherer groups to forge networks of cooperation beyond the immediate family. Intermarriage between groups, tribes, or clans was often political or strategic and resulted in reciprocal obligations between the two groups represented past the marital partners. Fifty-fifty so, marital dissolution was not a serious problem every bit the obligations resting on marital longevity were not specially loftier.

I Parent Households

1 recent trend illustrating the changing nature of families is the rise in prevalence of single-parent families. While somewhat more common prior to the twentieth century due to the more frequent deaths of spouses, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the nuclear family unit became the societal norm in well-nigh Western nations. But what was the prevailing norm for much of the twentieth century is no longer the actual norm, nor is it perceived as such.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the modify in the economical structure of the U.s. –-the inability to back up a nuclear family unit on a unmarried wage–-had significant ramifications on family life. Women and men began delaying the age of start union in order to invest in their earning power before marriage past spending more fourth dimension in schoolhouse. The increased levels of didactics amidst women, with women at present earn more than than 50% of bachelor'due south degrees, positioned women to survive economically without the support of a husband. By 1997, 40% of births to single American women were intentional and, despite a withal prominent gender gap in pay, women were able to survive as single mothers.

Cohabitation

Cohabitation is an intimate relationship that includes a mutual living place and which exists without the benefit of legal, cultural, or religious sanction. It can exist seen equally an alternative form of marriage, in that, in do, it is like to spousal relationship, merely information technology does not receive the same formal recognition by religions, governments, or cultures. The cohabiting population, although inclusive of all ages, is mainly fabricated up of those between the ages of 25 and 34. In 2005, the U.South. Census Agency reported four.85 million cohabiting couples, upwardly more than 1,000% from 1960, when at that place were 439,000 such couples. More half of couples in the United States lived together, at least briefly, earlier walking down the aisle.

Same- Sex Unions

While homosexuality has existed for thousands of years among man beings, formal marriages between homosexual partners is a relatively recent phenomenon. Every bit of 2009, merely two states in the United States recognized marriages between aforementioned-sex activity partners, Massachusetts and Iowa, where aforementioned-sex matrimony was formally immune equally of May 17, 2004 and Apr 2009, respectively. Iii additional states allow same-sex ceremonious unions, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Vermont. Betwixt May 2004 and December 2006, 7,341 same-sex couples married in Massachusetts. Assuming the per centum of homosexuals in Massachusetts is similar to that of the residual of the nation, the to a higher place number indicates that 16.7% of homosexuals in Massachusetts married during that fourth dimension. Massachusetts is too the land with the lowest divorce charge per unit.

Same sex couples, while becoming increasingly more mutual, withal only account for about i percent of American households, according to 2010 Census data. Most 0.5 percentage of American households were same-sex couples in 2000, so this number has doubled, and it is expected to continuing increasing by the adjacent Census data.

Childfree Couples

Voluntary childlessness in women is defined every bit women of childbearing age who are fertile and exercise not intend to have children, women who take chosen sterilization, or women past childbearing historic period who were fertile but chose not to take children. Individuals can also be "temporarily childless" or do not currently have children but want children in the futurity. The availability of reliable contraception along with support provided in old age by systems other than traditional familial ones has made childlessness an selection for some people in developed countries. In well-nigh societies and for most of human history, choosing to be childfree was both difficult and undesirable. To reach the goal of remaining childfree, some individuals undergo medical sterilization or relinquish their children for adoption.

Household types in the Usa in 2006: This figure shows that roughly five% of households in the United States are made upwards of cohabiting couples of various types: heterosexual, gay, or, lesbian.

Change in Union Rate

Over the past three decades, marriage rates in the United States have increased for all racial and ethnic groups.

Learning Objectives

Recognize changes in spousal relationship patterns

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Marriage is a social spousal relationship or legal contract betwixt people, called spouses, that creates kinship.
• Marriage laws have changed over the course of U.s.a. history, including the removal of bans on interracial union.
• Of all racial categories considered by the U.S. Census, African-Americans have married the least.
• Of all racial categories considered by the U.S. Demography, Hispanics take married the most.
• The average family unit income for married households is higher than the average family income of single households. All the same, marriage rates have increased for poverty -stricken populations besides.

Primal Terms

• wedding: Marriage ceremony; a ritual officially jubilant the kickoff of a union.
• Matrimony Laws: The legal requirements that make up one's mind the validity of a marriage.

Wedlock is a social union or legal contract betwixt people, called spouses, that creates kinship. The definition of spousal relationship varies co-ordinate to different cultures, just is usually an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged. Such a marriage is often formalized through a wedding anniversary.

Marriage Rates in the U.s.a.

Marriage laws accept changed over the course of United States history, including the removal of bans on interracial matrimony. In the xx-first century, laws accept been passed enabling aforementioned-sex marriages in several states. According to the United States Census Agency, two,077,000 marriages occurred in the United States in 2009. The median age for the kickoff spousal relationship of an American has increased in contempo years; the median historic period in the early 1970s was 21 for women and 23 for men, and rose to 26 for women and 28 for men by 2009. As of 2006, 55.7% of Americans age eighteen and over were married. According to the 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Twelvemonth Estimates, males over the historic period of 15 have married at a rate of 51.five%. Females over the age of 15 have married at a rate of 47.7%. The separation charge per unit is ane.viii% for males and 0.1% for females.

Marriage Trends

African Americans have married the least of all of the major ethnic groups in the U.Due south., with a 29.9% marriage rate, but have the highest separation charge per unit which is 4.v%. This results in a high percentage of unmarried mother households amongst African Americans compared with other ethnic groups (White, African American, Native Americans, Asian, Hispanic). This can lead a child to go closer to his/her mother, the only caregiver. Yet 1 parent households are besides more susceptible to economical difficulties. Native Americans take the 2d lowest marriage rate at 37.9%. Hispanics have a 45.1% wedlock rate, with a 3.v% separation charge per unit.

In the United States, the 2 ethnic groups with the highest marriage rates included Asians with 58.5%, and Whites with 52.9%. Asians have the lowest charge per unit of divorce among the main groups with 1.8%. Whites, African Americans, and Native Americans have the highest rates of beingness widowed, ranging from 5%-6.5%. They also accept the highest rates of divorce among the three, ranging from 11%-13%, with Native Americans having the highest divorce rate.

Marital Status in the Us Nautical chart: This image depicts marital status in the U.South.

According to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau, the average family income is college than previous years, at $62,770. Nevertheless, the percentage of family unit households below the poverty line in 2011 was 15.1%, higher than in 2000 when it was 11.three%.

Unmarried Mothers

With the rise of single-parent households, unmarried mothers have become more mutual in the United States.

Learning Objectives

Discuss the factors involved in the increasing number of unmarried-parent households

Key Takeaways

Fundamental Points

• One recent trend illustrating the changing nature of families is the rise in prevalence of single-parent household.
• The expectation of unmarried mothers as primary caregiver is a part of traditional parenting trends between mothers and fathers.
• In the The states, 27% of unmarried mothers live below the poverty line, every bit they lack the financial resources to support their children when the birth father is unresponsive.

Key Terms

• nuclear family: a family unit of measurement consisting of at virtually a father, mother and dependent children.
• Chief Caregiver: The person who takes primary responsibility for someone who cannot intendance fully for themselves.

One recent trend illustrating the changing nature of families is the rise in prevalence of the single-parent household. While somewhat more common prior to the 20^th century due to the more frequent deaths of spouses, the nuclear family became the societal norm in most Western nations. But what was the prevailing norm for much of the twenty^th century is no longer the actual norm, nor is it perceived equally such.

Since the 1960s, there has been a marked increment in the number of children living with a single parent. The 1960 The states Census reported that nine% of children were dependent on a single parent; this number that has increased to 28% past the 2000 U.s. Census. The spike was caused by an increase in single pregnancies, which 36% of all births by unmarried women, and to the increasing prevalence of divorces among couple.

The prevalence of unmarried mothers as primary caregiver is a part of traditional parenting trends between mothers and fathers. In the The states, 27% of single mothers live below the poverty line, equally they lack the financial resources to back up their children when the birth begetter is unresponsive. Although the public is sympathetic with low-wage single mothers, regime benefits are fairly depression. Many seek assistance by living with another adult, such every bit a relative, fictive kin, or significant other. Divorced mothers who re-marry have fewer financial struggles than single single mothers, who cannot piece of work for longer periods of fourth dimension without shirking their kid-caring responsibilities. Unmarried mothers are thus more likely to cohabit with some other developed. In the U.s.a., the rate of unintended pregnancy is college among unmarried couples than among married ones. In 1990, 73% of births to single women were unintended at the time of formulation, compared to nearly 44% of births overall.

Single Motherhood: Marisa Beagle, sophomore history major, and her daughter, Noelle, sit in the parking lot of the Salem Campus, where she attends school 45 minutes away from her home in East Palestine, almost the Pennsylvania border. Marisa and Noelle, eighteen months, live with Marisa's parents. A single parent, Beagle says it'south tough to attend school and raise a daughter simultaneously, simply with the back up of her family unit, she'due south able to make it work.

The "Sandwich Generation" and Elder Care

Elderly care is the fulfillment of the special needs and requirements that are unique to senior citizens.

Learning Objectives

Draw the challenges of elderly intendance in the U.Southward.

Fundamental Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• The Sandwich generation is a generation of people who care for their crumbling parents while supporting their own children.
• Elderly care encompasses such services every bit assisted living, adult day intendance, long-term care, nursing homes, hospice intendance, and in-dwelling care, also equally less formalized caretaking, such as past an elder's grown child.
• Given the choice, near elders would prefer to go along to live in their ain homes rather than motion to an elder home or caretaking facility.
• Respite care allows caregivers the opportunity to go on holiday or a business organization trip and know that their elder has good quality temporary care. Without this help, the elder might have to movement permanently to an exterior facility.

Key Terms

• sandwich generation: The generation of persons who are the children of baby boomers, whose lifestyle is governed past the fact that they must simultaneously care for the needs of their children and their own elderly parents.
• Respite Care: Temporary care that allows caregivers the opportunity to go along vacation or a business trip and know that their elder has good quality temporary care, for without this help the elder might have to motion permanently to an outside facility.

Elderly care is the fulfillment of the special needs and requirements that are unique to senior citizens. This broad term encompasses such services as assisted living, developed 24-hour interval care, long-term intendance, nursing homes, hospice care, and in-home care. Because of the wide variety of elderly intendance found globally, as well as unlike cultural perspectives on elderly citizens, the subject cannot be express to whatsoever 1 practice. For example, many countries in Asia use government-established elderly care quite infrequently, preferring the traditional methods of being cared for by younger generations of family members.

Elderly Intendance in the United states

The form of elderly care provided varies greatly amongst countries and is changing apace. Co-ordinate to the U.South Department of Wellness and Human Services, the older population—persons 65 years or older—numbered 39.six one thousand thousand in 2009. They represented 12.nine% of the U.South. population, or well-nigh one in every eight Americans. By 2030, there will be about 72.ane million older persons, more than twice their number in 2000. In the The states, most of the big multi-facility providers are publicly owned and managed as for-profit businesses. Given the option, virtually elders would prefer to continue to live in their own homes. Unfortunately, the majority of elderly people gradually lose functioning ability and require either additional assistance in the domicile or a move to an eldercare facility. The adult children of these elders often face a hard challenge in helping their parents make the right choices.

I relatively new service in the United States that can help keep the elderly in their homes longer is respite care. This type of care allows caregivers the opportunity to become on vacation or a business trip and know that their elder has good quality temporary care. Without this help, the elder might have to move permanently to an outside facility. Some other unique blazon of care cropping in U.S. hospitals is chosen acute care of elder units, or ACE units, which provide "a homelike setting" within a medical heart specifically for the elderly.

The Sandwich Generation

The Sandwich generation is a generation of people who care for their aging parents while supporting their own children. According to the Pew Research Center, just over 1 of every 8 Americans aged 40 to 60 is both raising a child and caring for a parent, in addition to betwixt 7 to 10 million adults caring for their crumbling parents from a long distance.

Elderly Care: Wishaw Full general Hospital

Childless Couples

Voluntary childlessness in women is defined every bit women of childbearing age who are fertile and do not intend to accept children.

Learning Objectives

Discuss the factors involved in voluntary childlessness

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• To accomplish the goal of remaining childfree, some individuals undergo medical sterilization or relinquish their children for adoption.
• The factors involved in voluntary childlessness include age, income, unmarried status, and higher pedagogy.
• Virtually societies place a high value on parenthood in developed life, so that people who remain childless intentionally are sometimes stereotyped every bit being "individualistic" people who avoid social responsibility and are less prepared to commit themselves to helping others.

Primal Terms

• Childfree: Childfree (sometimes spelled kid-complimentary), also known as voluntary childlessness, is a form of childlessness. Voluntary childlessness in women is divers every bit women of childbearing historic period who are fertile and do not intend to accept children, women who have called sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile but chose not to have children.
• sterilization: A procedure to permanently foreclose an organism from reproducing.

Childless Couples

Voluntary childlessness in women is defined as women of childbearing historic period who are fertile and practice non intend to have children, women who take chosen sterilization, or women by childbearing historic period who were fertile but chose not to have children. Individuals can also be "temporarily childless" but want children in the future. The availability of reliable contraception forth with support provided in one-time age by systems other than traditional familial ones has made childlessness an option for some people in developed countries. In most societies and for most of human history, choosing to be childfree was both hard and undesirable. To accomplish the goal of remaining childfree, some individuals undergo medical sterilization or relinquish their children for adoption.

Factors Involved in Voluntary Childlessness

First, while younger women are more likely to exist childless, older women are more likely to state that they intend to remain childless in the future. Thus age plays a significant role in the decision. Further, according to 2004 U.Due south. Census Bureau information, the proportion of childless women 15 to 44 years old was 44.half-dozen%, up from 35% in 1976. The higher a adult female's income, the less likely she is to have children: Nearly one-half of women with almanac incomes over $100,000 are childless. 3rd, beingness unmarried is one of the strongest predictors of childlessness.

Research too suggests that married individuals who were concerned about the stability of their marriages were more likely to remain childless. Most studies on this bailiwick discover that higher income predicted childlessness. Notwithstanding, some women study that the lack of financial resources was a reason why they decided to remain childless. Childless women in the developed world oftentimes express the view that women ultimately have to make a choice between motherhood and having a career. Lastly, the chance of being childless was far greater for never married women (35 to 44 yrs onetime), 82.5% vs. ever-married (12.9%). Chance of childlessness (age 35 to 44) by education level: graduate or professional caste (27.half-dozen%) vs non high school graduate (xiii.5%), high schoolhouse graduate (14.3%), some college merely no degree (24.7%), associate caste (eleven.4%), and bachelor's degree (18.2%). The higher the level of education, the more likely a adult female is to remain childless.

Social Attitudes to Remaining Childless

Most societies place a loftier value on parenthood in adult life, then that people who remain childless intentionally are sometimes stereotyped as existence "individualistic" people who avoid social responsibility and are less prepared to commit themselves to helping others. With the advent of environmentalism and concerns for stewardship, those choosing to not have children are besides sometimes recognized as helping reduce our impact, such as members of the voluntary human extinction movement. Some childless individuals are sometimes applauded on moral grounds, such equally members of philosophical or religious groups, like the shakers.

Voluntary Human Extinction Movement: With the appearance of environmentalism and concerns for stewardship, those choosing to not have children are also sometimes recognized as helping reduce our impact, such as members of the voluntary human being extinction movement.

Some opponents of the childfree choice consider such a selection to be "selfish." The rationale of this position is the assertion that raising children is a very important activeness. Proponents of child liberty posit that choosing not to have children is no more than or less selfish than choosing to have children. In fact, choosing to take children may be the more than selfish pick, especially when poor parenting risks creating many long-term bug for both the children themselves and order at big.

Organizations and Political Activism

Childfree individuals do not necessarily share a unified political or economical philosophy, and most prominent childfree organizations tend to be social in nature. Childfree social groups beginning emerged in the 1970s, most notable among them The National Organisation for Non-Parents and No Kidding! in North America. Numerous books take been written about childfree people and a range of social positions related to childfree interests have developed forth with political and social activism in back up of these interests. The term "childfree" was used in a July 3, 1972 Time article on the creation of the National Arrangement for Non-Parents. It was revived in the 1990s when Leslie Lafayette formed a after childfree group, the Childfree Network.

Change in Household Size

Household models include the single family unit and composite family unit habitation, shared housing, and group homes for people with special needs.

Learning Objectives

Depict unlike household models

Key Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• A shared house is a household in which a grouping of unremarkably unrelated people reside together.
• A group home is a private residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities or special needs. This type of home unremarkably has a maximum of 6 residents and a trained caregiver bachelor 24 hours a twenty-four hours.
• A boarding house is a house in which lodgers rent one or more rooms for ane or more nights, and sometimes for extended periods of weeks, months and years.
• People who live together in a shared house are chosen roommates.
• A single room occupancy is a single room abode or a multiple-tenant building that houses one or 2 people in individual rooms.

Key Terms

• Single Room Occupancy: A multiple-tenant building that houses one or ii people in individual rooms (or to the unmarried room abode itself).
• roommate: A person with whom ane shares an apartment or house (UK: flatmate or housemate).
• Group Home: A private residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities. Typically in that location are no more than than six residents and there is a trained caregiver there twenty-iv hours a mean solar day.

Household models in Anglophone civilization include the single family and varieties of composite families, shared housing, and group homes for people with support needs. Other models of living situations that may meet definitions of a household include boarding houses, a house in multiple occupations in United kingdom, and a single room occupancy in the U.s..

Shared Houses

A shared firm is a household in which a group of often-unrelated people reside together. The term generally applies to people living together in rental backdrop rather than in properties in which any resident is an owner-occupier. A shared business firm is formed when a group of people move into a rental belongings; typically, one or more of these people has practical to rent the belongings through a real estate agent, been accustomed, and signed a lease. People who live together in a shared house are called roommates. In both developed and developing countries, shared housing is an increasingly pop household model. This is due to a variety of economic and social changes, such equally the declining affordability of domicile ownership, besides every bit delayed marriage and decreasing marriage rates.

Group Homes

A grouping home is a individual residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities. Group homes typically have a maximum of six residents and a trained, on-site caregiver available 24 hours a twenty-four hours. Residents of group homes usually accept either a chronic mental disorder or a concrete disability that prevents them from living independently. They need regular assistance in guild to complete daily tasks, such as taking medication or bathing. Other residents may be developmentally disabled, recovering from alcohol or drug addiction, or abused, troubled, or neglected youths. Some residents have behavioral bug that are potentially unsafe to themselves or others and crave constant supervision. Since the 1970s, group homes have assumed the role of earlier institutions such as asylums, poorhouses, and orphanages.

Boarding Houses

In a boarding firm, lodgers hire 1 or more rooms for a period ranging from 1 nighttime to weeks, months, or even years. Common areas of the house are maintained and services similar laundry and cleaning may be provided. Boarding houses normally offering bed and board, or at least some meals too equally adaptation. Formerly, boarders would typically share washing, breakfast, and dining facilities; in contempo years, individual rooms have tended to accept their own washing and toilet facilities.

Single Room Occupancy

A single room occupancy is a unmarried room dwelling house or multiple-tenant building that houses one or two people in individual rooms. Equally the value of urban land has increased, many of these backdrop have been renovated and fabricated bachelor at higher prices. This has played a role in the displacement of lower-income people who once lived in these properties; information technology has also been cited as a reason for the visible ascension in homelessness across America since the early 1980s.

Boott Boardinghouse Store: Boott Mills Boardinghouse and Storehouse, now restored and part of Lowell National Historic Park. Lowell, Massachusetts

Women in the Labor Force

Women in the workforce accept faced barriers, though they have greater admission to education and employment in the contemporary era.

Learning Objectives

Hash out three factors that restrict women'due south access to certain occupations

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Women have participated in the workforce for every bit long as men have, yet women have been challenged past inequality in the workforce.
• Historically, women's lack of access to higher education finer excluded them from the practice of well-paid and high status occupations.
• Access to higher education remains a significant barrier to women's full participation in the workforce in developing countries.
• The gender pay gap is the departure between male and female person earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings.
• The feminization of the workplace is a characterization given to the trend towards greater employment of women and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine' modes of interaction.

Key Terms

• Wage Gap: The divergence betwixt male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings.
• occupation: A regular activity performed in exchange for payment, including jobs and professions.
• Feminization of the Workplace: A label given to the trend towards greater employment of women and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine' modes of interaction.

Women in the workforce earning wages or a salary are part of a modern phenomenon, 1 that adult at the same time as the growth of paid employment for men; even so women have been challenged by inequality in the workforce. Until modern times, legal and cultural practices, combined with the inertia of longstanding religious and educational conventions, restricted women's entry and participation in the workforce. Economic dependency upon men has had the same impact, particularly as occupations take become professionalized over the xix^th and 20^thursday centuries.

Historically, women's lack of admission to higher teaching had effectively excluded them from the practice of well-paid and high status occupations. Entry of women into the higher professions like constabulary and medicine was delayed in most countries due to women beingness denied entry to universities and qualification for degrees; for example, Cambridge University only fully validated degrees for women tardily in 1947, and fifty-fifty then only after much opposition and begrudging debate.

Barriers to Equal Participation

Equally gender roles have followed the formation of agronomical then industrial societies, newly adult professions and fields of occupation accept been frequently inflected past gender. Some examples of the ways in which gender affects a field include: prohibitions or restrictions on members of a particular gender inbound a field or studying a field; discrimination within a field, including wage, management, and prestige hierarchies; expectation that mothers, rather than fathers, should be the primary childcare providers.

Access to Education and Training

A number of occupations became "professionalized" through the 19^th and 20^th centuries, gaining regulatory bodies, and passing laws or regulations requiring particular higher educational requirements. Every bit women's access to higher education was often express, this effectively restricted women's participation in these professionalizing occupations. For instance, women were completely forbidden access to Cambridge Academy until 1868, and were encumbered with a multifariousness of restrictions until 1987, when the university adopted an equal opportunity policy. Numerous other institutions in the United States and Western Europe began opening their doors to women over the same menstruum of time, only access to higher education remains a significant barrier to women's total participation in the workforce in developing countries.

Access to Capital

Women's admission to occupations requiring capital outlays is likewise hindered by their unequal access to capital letter; this affects occupations such every bit entrepreneur and minor concern owner, farm buying, and investor. Numerous microloan programs attempt to redress this imbalance, targeting women for loans or grants to establish commencement-up businesses or farms, having determined that help targeted to women can disproportionately do good a nation'south economic system.

Discrimination inside Occupations

The gender pay gap is the difference between male person and female earnings expressed as a per centum of male earnings, according to the OECD. The European Commission defines it as the average deviation between men and women's hourly earnings. In that location is a argue to what extent this is the result of gender differences, implicit bigotry due to lifestyle choices (e.one thousand., number of hours worked, demand for maternity exit), or considering of explicit discrimination. The 2008 edition of the Employment Outlook report by the System for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) found that, while female employment rates have expanded considerably and the gender employment and wage gaps have narrowed virtually everywhere, women all the same have 20% less risk to have a job than men, on average, and they are paid 17% less than their male person counterparts.

Feminization of the Workplace

In response to the pressure from feminism and cultural trends highlighting characteristics in workers that take culturally been associated with women, feminization of the workplace is a label given to the trend towards greater employment of women, and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine' modes of interaction.

OECD Gender Pay Gap: Gender Pay Gap in 19 OECD countries according to the 2008 OECD Employment Outlook report

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